Abstract Bolted connections are fundamental to structural and façade assemblies, forming the load-transfer link between components such as brackets, mullions, and primary steelwork. This study investigates the engineering, executional, and compliance implications of insufficient bolt projection beyond the nut, a recurrent field observation across façade and steel structures. The analysis references EN 1993-1-8 (Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures) and EN 1090-2 (Execution

When designing building facades, material selection plays a crucial role in ensuring durability and long-term performance. One hidden threat that can compromise facade integrity is bimetallic galvanic corrosion. This type of corrosion occurs when two different metals come into electrical contact in the presence of an electrolyte, causing one metal to corrode faster than it would alone. Understanding this risk is essential for architects, engineers, and contractors who want to

n modern façade engineering, the choice of adhesive or sealant plays a pivotal role in ensuring the long-term performance, durability, and structural reliability of cladding systems. This study investigates and compares three prominent products used for façade panel bonding: 1) Power Grab ‘n’ Bond (PGB TRIBRID®), 2) CT1 TRIBRID® Sealant, and 3) DOWSIL™ 896 Panel Fix. Each of these adhesives originates from differing chemical families (hybrid polymers vs. silicones), with var